IFRS9 中,金融资产减值模型ECL简述


ECL model, expected credit loss  定义

ECL: a forward-looking expected loss model that will result in more timely recognition of loan and loss and is a single model that is applicable to all financial instruments subject to impairment accounting.

减值预期损失模型适用对象:要收回合同现金流量的金融资产,包括:

a.      Financial assets(investments in debt instruments) measured at amortized cost;(AMC)

b.      Financial assets(Investment in debt instruments) measured at fair value through other comprehensive income(FVOCI)

c.       Lease receivables under IAS leases

d.      Trade receivables or Contract assets within the scope of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (i.e. rights to consideration following transfer of goods or services);

e.      All loan commitments (贷款承诺) not measured at fair value through profit or loss;

f.        Financial guarantee contracts (财务担保合同) to which IFRS 9 is applied and that are not accounted for at fair value through profit or loss.

财务分录

 Dr: Impairment Loss(P/L account)

   CR: Loss Allowance(B/S account) 或其他 Account of Loss Allowance(备抵科目)

对象分析周期

ECL 分为三个阶段:

a.      第一阶段:金融资产初始确认阶段, 计提12个月预期信用损失;计算Interest,是按照有效利率和GCA(账面总额)。

b.      第二阶段:信用风险显著增加的话,计提整个存续期预期损失;计算Interest,是按照有效利率和GCA(账面总额)。

可以按照外部市场指标,比如评级机构,CDS违约保险价格等来确定是否算显著增加,IFRS并没有具体规定。

c.       第三阶段:已经发生信用减值,计提整个存续期预期损失;计算Interest,是按照有效利率和摊余成本。

借款已经没有能力偿还,其他所发行债券已经发生违约事件,已经由单位发生破产。

 

Write-off 核销:如果金融资产确定收不回来,就进行减值核销,包括部分核销和全部核销。An entity shall directly reduce the gross carrying amount of a financial asset when the entity has no reasonable expectations of recovering a financial asset in its entirely or a portion thereof.

核销金额 = 合同规定cash flow- 预期可收回cash flow

报表出具日对是否对某金融资产进行减值的判断流

a.      是否是一个已经发生信用损失的金融资产 (Yes,计入减值,按照第三阶段处理;No,进入b

b.      是否是一个简单的营收,合同资产,或者租赁产生应收(Yes,阶段二,计入整个生命周期的减值损失;No:进入c

c.       是否是一个金融产品包含低信用风险的(Yes,计入第一阶段,12个月风险预期信用损失;否,进入d

d.      是否是一个显著风险增加的金融产品(No,计入第一阶段,12个月风险预期信用损失;Yes,进入阶段二,计入整个生命周期的减值损失)

e.      对于进入阶段二金融资产,如果可以确定发生损失,进入阶段三。



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