数据库审计
参数：audit_trail
SQL> show parameter audit
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
audit_file_dest string /data/admin/oral/adump
audit_sys_operations boolean FALSE
audit_syslog_level string
audit_trail string NONE
参数查询：
可看是否静态参数v$system_parameter
查看audit_trail可设置的值：v$parameter_valid_values
配置审计需要重启实例，配置之前，需要备份好spfile;
create pfile='/oracle/app/product/10.2/dbs/pfile826.ora' from spfile;
alter system set AUDIT_TRAIL =DB_EXTENDED scope=spfile;
alter system set audit_sys_operations=true scope=spfile;
shutdown immediate
startup
如需关闭审计
alter system set audit_trail=none scope=spfile;
重启数据库
如果审计表aud$不存在,需要手工创建
SQL> conn / as sysdba
SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/cataudit.sql
将审计记录表移动到新的表空间
select * from aud$ ;
create tablespace aud datafile '/data/oradata/oral/aud01.dbf' size 10m autoextend on;
alter table aud$ move tablespace aud;
alter table aud$ move lob(sqlbind) store as (tablespace aud);
alter table aud$ move lob(sqltext) store as (tablespace aud);
alter index I_AUD1 rebuild tablespace aud;
如需删除审计记录，则将sys.aud$表中记录删除，将释放表空间；
开通的审计策略
如何检测潜在的登录攻击
audit create session by access whenever not successful;
audit connect by access whenever not successful;
对用户的所有行为进行审计
audit all by scott;
可查看到审计策略；
select * from dba_stmt_audit_opts ;--语句审计：statement
select * from dba_priv_audit_opts ; ---系统权限审计状态
select * from dba_obj_audit_opts ;--对象权限审计状态，中S:SESSION, A:ACCESS；按成功次数进行审计：audit select on t by access；SESSION 意思就是只记录一次成功；是默认值；
查询审计结果：
select * from dba_audit_trail ; ---审计结果存放的表
select * from dba_fga_audit_trail;
select * from dba_common_audit_trail;
DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS;列出audit not exists和audit exists产生的审计跟踪,我们默认的都是audit exists.
DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT;可以查询所有对象跟踪信息.(例如,对grant,revoke等记录),信息完全包含于dba_audit_trail
DBA_AUDIT_SESSION;所得到的数据都是有关logon或者logoff的信息.
DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT;列出grant ,revoke ,audit ,noaudit ,alter system语句的审计跟踪信息.
ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS
查看审计内容，主要字段：os_username, userhost, timestamp, owner，sql_bind, sql_text
SQL> select * from dba_audit_trail where owner = 'AUDIT_TEST' order by timestamp;
注意：owner的值必须大写，例如 owner = 'AUDIT_TEST'
辅助视图
1.SYS.AUD$
审计功能的底层视图,如果需要对数据进行删除,只需要对aud$视图进行删除既可,其他视图里的数据都是由aud$所得.
select * from sys.audit_actions;---审计的可用命令动作，可以查询出在aud$等视图中actions列的含义
select * from SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP;--可以查询出aud$等视图中priv$used列的含义(注意前面加'-')
审计策略示例：
对某用户某动作开启审计：audit create session by a;
停止审计：noaudit create session;
对表开启查询审计：audit select on t whenever successful;
对用户a执行的语句中有table的进行审计： audit table by a;
audit CREATE TABLE by scott;
audit CREATE TABLE, CREATE VIEW, ALTER USER;
audit INDEX; --包括CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, ALTER INDEX and ANALYZE INDEX
audit INDEX by scott;
audit ALL whenever SUCCESSFUL;
AUDIT DELETE ANY TABLE BY ACCESS WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL;
audit select any table;
audit select any table, delete any table by scott, system;
audit select on SCOTT.EMP whenever successful;
audit delete on SCOTT.EMP by access;
audit ALL on SCOTT.EMP;
audit select on DEFAULT;
AUDIT NETWORK;
AUDIT ROLE WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL;
AUDIT CREATE ANY DIRECTORY;
审计速查
Quick Reference to Auditing Information
Database Audit mode
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show parameter audit
AUDIT_TRAIL --> DB, DB_EXTENDED, OS, XML, XML_EXTENDED, FALSE or NONE
AUDIT_FILE_DEST --> Audit File location
AUDIT_SYS_OPERATIONS --> Controls whether the activities of SYSDBA are audited or not.
AUDIT_SYSLOG_LEVEL --> specifies a SYSLOG facility that will receive the audit information
What Statements are being audited ?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To set audit:
AUDIT [option] [BY user|SESSION|ACCESS] [WHENEVER {NOT} SUCCESSFUL]
select * from dba_stmt_audit_opts where USER_NAME='...';
Columns are:
AUDIT_OPTION from STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP
SUCCESS 'BY SESSION', 'BY ACCESS' or 'NOT SET'
FAILURE ""
What Privileges are being audited ?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To set audit:
AUDIT [option] [BY user|SESSION|ACCESS] [WHENEVER {NOT} SUCCESSFUL]
select * from dba_priv_audit_opts where USER_NAME='...';
Columns are:
PRIVILEGE from SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_MAP
SUCCESS 'BY SESSION', 'BY ACCESS' or 'NOT SET'
FAILURE ""
What Objects are being audited ?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To set Auditing:
AUDIT [object_option] ON [schema].object|DEFAULT [BY SESSION|ACCESS]
[WHENEVER {NOT} SUCCESSFUL]
select * from dba_obj_audit_opts where owner='..' and OBJECT_NAME='...';
select * from all_def_audit_opts;
Columns are:
ALT AUD COM DEL GRA IND INS LOC REN SEL UPD REF EXE FBK REA
X/Y - is no option set
X is when successful
Y is when Unsuccessful
S set by session
A set by access
Audit results
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Raw results can go to various places depending on the value of parameter AUDIT_TRAIL:
- when audit_trail is DB or DB_EXTENDED the audit data will go to AUD$ (DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL is a view on top of this table ).
Main where columns are: USERNAME, TIMESTAMP, OWNER
- when audit_trail is OS or XML or XML_EXTENDED the audit data will be written to files located in the AUDIT_FILE_DEST directory
- when AUDIT_SYSLOG_LEVEL is defined and audit_trail is set to OS the audit data will be sent to SYSLOG
For underlying results see:
Select STATEMENT, TIMESTAMP, ACTION, USERID from AUD$;
Auditing administrative connections
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The administrative user connections (CONNECT / AS SYSDBA or CONNECT / AS SYSOPER) are always logged regardless of audit setting.
On UNIX platforms these are logged to *.aud files in $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/audit when the instance is stopped and to AUDIT_FILE_DEST
when the instance is started regardless of any init.ora parameter settings. See Note 103964.1 for more details.
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