1.RMAN使用时需要考虑的问题
资源：共享内存，更多的进程
权限：授予用户sysdba权限，OS访问设备的权限
远程操作
设置密码文件
确保密码文件被备份
全球化环境变量设置
在RMAN命令行格式化时间参数
2.连接类型
目标数据库
恢复目录数据库，缺省情况下RMAN运行在非恢复目录数据库
辅助数据库
Standby database
Duplicate database
TSPITR instance
4.连接目标数据库或恢复目录
--不连接数据库仅启动rman
[oracle@oradb ~]$ rman
--使用操作系统认证连接到目标数据库
Unix: $ ORACLE_SID = orcl; export ORACLE_SID
$ rman target /
Win: C:/> set oracle_sid = orcl
C:/> rman target /
--从命令行连接到目标数据库和恢复目录
% rman target / catalog rman/cat@catdb --使用OS认证,第二个rman为恢复目录的schema
% rman target sys/oracle@trgt catalog rman/cat@catdb --使用Oracle Net 认证
--从rman提示符连接到目标数据库和恢复目录
% rman
RMAN> connect target / --使用OS认证
RMAN> connect catalog rman/cat@catdb
% rman
RMAN> connect target sys/oracle@trgt --使用Oracle Net 认证
RMAN> connect catalog rman/cat@catdb
--命令行连接到辅助数据库
% rman auxiliary sys/aux@auxdb
% rman target sys/oracle@trgt auxiliary sys/aux@auxdb catalog rman/cat@catdb
--从rman提示符连接辅助数据库
% rman
RMAN> connect auxiliary sys/aux@auxdb
% rman
RMAN> connect target sys/oracle@trgt
RMAN> connect catalog rman/cat@catdb
RMAN> connect auxiliary sys/aux@auxdb
--其它
远程连接
rman target sys/oracle@trgt
rman target / nocatalog 等同于rman target /
--rman命令行参数
输出到日志文件
$ rman target sys/oracle
log = $ORALCE_HOME/oradata/log/rman.log append
执行命名文件
$ rman target sys/oracle
cmdfile = $ORACLE_HOME/scirpts/my_rman_script.rcv
$rman target sys/oracle@prod @'$ORACLE_HOME/scirpts/my_rman_script.rcv'
二、configure命令的使用
configure命令可以完成下列任务
配置通道的自动分配
指定备份的保留策略
指定备份副本的副本数
限制备份集的大小
设置缺省的备份类型为备份集或镜像备份
启用或关闭备份优化
配置是否自动备份控制文件
配置备份到磁带
RMAN> CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO SBT;
如配置自动通道
RMAN> CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK
2> FORMAT = '/BACKUP/RMAN/%U';
配置保留策略恢复窗口
RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY
2> WINDOW OF 7 DAY;
配置保留策略的冗余数
RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 2;
配置多个备份镜像
RMAN> CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR
2> DEVICE TYPE disk TO 2;
配置自动优化备份
RMAN> CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION ON;
使用清除命令恢复到缺省值
RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY CLEAR;
RMAN> CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE sbt CLEAR;
配置备份的并行度
RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2
配置备份片的大小
RMAN> configure channel device type disk maxpiecesize=1G;
配置I/O读速率(使用allocate channel 或configure channel的rate选项)
RMAN> configure channel device type disk rate 1M;
演示：
RMAN> show controlfile autobackup;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup on; --配置控制文件的自动备份
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
RMAN> show controlfile autobackup;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup clear;
old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
RMAN configuration parameters are successfully reset to default value
三、Show命令的使用
show命令用于显示永久配置设置的相关信息
使用show命令显示的主要内容有
自动通道配置设置
备份保留策略设置
备份镜像副本数量
备份集大小设置
从备份中排除的表空间
备份优化状态
最常用的是show all命令
也可以显示单个设置的信息，如
RMAN> show backup optimization;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
RMAN> show exclude;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
RMAN configuration has no stored or default parameters
四、List命令的使用
列出备份集、数据文件镜像等
列出指定表空间任意数据文件的备份集或镜像副本
列出指定范围内包含归档日志的备份集或镜像副本
RMAN> list backup;
RMAN> list copy;
RMAN> list backup of database;
RMAN> list backup of tablespace uers;
RMAN> list backup of archivelog all;
RMAN> list backup verbose;
RMAN> list backup summary;
RMAN> list backup of datafile { n |
RMAN> list copy of archive from time = 'sysdate - 7';
RMAN> list backup of archivelog from sequence 1000 until sequence 1020;
RMAN> list backupset tag=TAG20101014T155753;
RMAN> list backup; --列出备份信息
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
1 Full 25.47M DISK 00:00:04 13-OCT-10
BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20101013T170706
Piece Name: /u01/app/oracle/rmanbak/user_02lqc29q_1_1.bak
List of Datafiles in backup set 1
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
4 Full 1610281 13-OCT-10 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
RMAN> list backup of datafile 4; --列出datafile文件编号为的备份信息
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
1 Full 25.47M DISK 00:00:04 13-OCT-10
BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20101013T170706
Piece Name: /u01/app/oracle/rmanbak/user_02lqc29q_1_1.bak
List of Datafiles in backup set 1
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
4 Full 1610281 13-OCT-10 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
2 Full 435.04M DISK 00:01:37 13-OCT-10
BP Key: 2 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20101013T171906
Piece Name: /u01/app/oracle/rmanbak/dfile_ORCL_04lqc30a_1_1.bak
List of Datafiles in backup set 2
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
4 Full 1610888 13-OCT-10 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
RMAN> list backup summary;
List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag
------- -- -- - ----------- --------------- ------- ------- ---------- ---
1 B F A DISK 13-OCT-10 1 1 NO TAG20101013T170706
2 B F A DISK 13-OCT-10 1 1 NO TAG20101013T171906
3 B F A DISK 13-OCT-10 1 1 NO TAG20101013T171906
五、Report命令的使用
Report命令显示存储仓库中详细的分析信息
比如，哪些文件需要备份
哪些备份可以被删除
哪些文件不可恢复等
RMAN> report schema;
RMAN> report need backup;
RMAN> report need backup days 3;
RMAN> report need backup redundancy 3;
RMAN> report need backup recovery window of 3 days;
RMAN> report obsolete;
RMAN> report unrecoverable;
RMAN> report schema at time 'sysdate-7';
RMAN> report need backup days 2 tablespace system;
RMAN> report need backup;
RMAN retention policy will be applied to the command
RMAN retention policy is set to redundancy 1
Report of files with less than 1 redundant backups
File #bkps Name
---- ----- -----------------------------------------------------
3 0 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
5 0 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf
6 0 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1.dbf
六、Delete命令的使用
删除相关的备份集或镜像副本的物理文件,同时将删除标记delete更新到控制文件.如果使用恢复目录，则是清除恢复目录内的该备份集。
RMAN> delete backupset;
RMAN> delete backupset n;
RMAN> delete obsolete ;
RMAN> delete obsolete redundancy 2;
RMAN> delete noprompt copy;
RMAN> delete noprompt backupset tag TAG20101016T143521;
RMAN> delete obsolete recovery window of 7 days;
RMAN> delete expired backupset;
RMAN> delete expired copy;
RMAN> delete expired archivelog all;
七、crosscheck命令的使用
用于校验存储仓库中的备份集或镜像副本，执行该命令后，将更新存储仓库中的刚刚校验的对象状态，便于后续操作处理。
RMAN备份校验时的几种状态
expired: 对象不存在于磁盘或磁带。当一个备份集处于expired状态，则该备份集中所有的备份片同样处于expired状态
available: 对象处于可用状态。当一个备份集可用，则该备份集内的所有备份片同样可用
unavailabe: 对象处于不可用状态。当一个备份集不可用，则该备份集内的所有备份片同样不可用
注：expired不等同于obsolette。两者的差异请参考：RMAN 备份详解
校验时的限制
目标数据库必须被启动
对于磁盘上的备份集，校验时不需要使用通道。而磁带上的备份集则必须使用通道，如果未为磁带配置自动通道，则必须手动分配
可以校验执行resetlogs之前的备份，即可以校验不同的incarnation
RMAN> crosscheck backupset; --校验备份集
RMAN> crosscheck copy； --校验镜像副本
RMAN> crosscheck backup of controlfile; --校验备份的控制文件
RMAN> crosscheck backup of archivelog all; --校验所有备份的归档日志
RMAN> crosscheck backup of datafile 1,2; --校验datafile 1,2
RMAN> crosscheck backup of tablespace sysaux,system; --校验表空间sysaux,system
RMAN> crosscheck backup completed between '13-OCT-10' and '23-OCT-10'; --校验时间段,时间段格式由NLS_DATE_FORMAT设置
RMAN> crosscheck backupset 1067,1068; --校验指定的备份集
八、validate命令的使用
验证一个备份集内的数据的完整性。RMAN扫描备份集的所有备份片，并检查校验和，验证其内容是否可以成功还原
validate是较crosscheck更高一级的验证操作.crosscheck仅仅是检查备份集的头部信息,校验文件的存在性,validate验证数据的有效性
RMAN> validate backupset
check logical测试数据和索引块，将验证得到的逻辑错误填充到V$DATABASE_BLOCK_CORRUPTION 视图
也可以使用restore ... validate 子句来测试可还原性，而非真实的还原数据
RMAN> list backupset summary;
List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag
------- -- -- - ----------- --------------- ------- ------- ---------- ---
1138 B 0 A DISK 13-OCT-10 1 1 YES INC0
1139 B 0 A DISK 13-OCT-10 1 1 YES INC0
1168 B A A DISK 13-OCT-10 1 1 YES ARCHBK
1181 B F A DISK 13-OCT-10 1 1 YES CTLSPFILE_BK
RMAN> validate backupset 1138,1139,1168,1181; --验证备份集是否是有效的备份用于进行恢复
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting validation of datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/oracle/bk/rmbk/inc0_ORCL_1gltn8te_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: validation complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
RMAN> validate backupset 1138,1139,1168,1181 check logical;
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting validation of datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/oracle/bk/rmbk/inc0_ORCL_1gltn8te_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: validation complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
九、影响RMAN的相关参数
数据库初始化参数
control_file_record_keep_time --指定控制文件内RMAN信息被覆盖前保留的最小天数
db_recovery_file_dest --如果将RMAN备份到此处，需要设置该参数
db_recovery_file_dest_size --如果将RMAN备份到此处，需要设置该参数
环境变量参数
nls_date_format --设定日期
nls_lang --设定环境变量影响restore,recover,report等命令
十、保留策略
有关保留策略请参考：RMAN 备份详解
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