任务1： VMWare 加磁盘
1.1. VMWare 虚拟机添加磁盘
1： 右键需要增加磁盘的虚拟机， “ 设置” -> “添加”按钮
2：选择磁盘， 点击“下一步”;
3：选择 SCSI， 下一步
4：选择“创建新虚拟磁盘”，下一步
5：设置添加磁盘大小， 下一步
6:修改名称或执行路径（默认也可）， 完成
7：点击“确定”按钮， 完成添加磁盘动作
8： 重启操作系统，使 Linux 系统识别刚刚添加的磁盘
[root@wang ~]# reboot
Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Wed Aug 31 17:16:08 2016):
The system is going down for reboot NOW!
9.查看磁盘分区情况：
[root@wang ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 535 4192965 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 536 5221 37640295 83 Linux
1.2. 对新添加磁盘进行分区
1) fdisk /dev/sdb 进行分区
[root@wang ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 3916.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-3916, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-3916, default 3916): 2100
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@wang ~]#
[root@wang ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 3916.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (2101-3916, default 2101):
Using default value 2101
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2101-3916, default 3916):
Using default value 3916
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
2) 查看已分区的磁盘
[root@wang ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2100 16868218+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2101 3916 14587020 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 535 4192965 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 536 5221 37640295 83 Linux
[root@wang ~]#
1.3. 格式化已分区的磁盘
将/dev/sdb1， 格式化为文件系统
[root@wang ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
2109408 inodes, 4217054 blocks
210852 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
129 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16352 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@wang ~]#
1.4. 挂载文件系统
1) 创建挂载点
[root@wang ~]# mkdir /data
[root@wang ~]# ls -l | grep data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 31 17:32 data
[root@wang ~]#
2) 挂载磁盘
[root@wang ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data
[root@wang ~]#
[root@wang ~]# cd /data
[root@wang data]# ls
lost+found
[root@wang data]#
1.5. 启用 swap 空间
1) 查看 swap 空间大小
[root@wang data]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1988 482 1505 0 35 292
-/+ buffers/cache: 155 1833
Swap: 4094 0 4094
2) 启用新增加的 swap 空间
将/dev/sdb2， 格式化为 swap 分区
[root@wang ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 14937104 kB
——启用新的swap分区/dev/sdb2：
[root@wang ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2
3) 验证已增加的 swap 空间
[root@wang ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1988 495 1492 0 35 293
-/+ buffers/cache: 166 1821
Swap: 18339 0 18339
此时/dev/sdb2还没有挂载；
1.6. 设置磁盘自动挂载
[root@wang ~]# vi /etc/fstab
"/etc/fstab" 8L, 533C
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /data ext3 defaults 0 0
"/etc/fstab" 8L, 608C written
[root@wang ~]#
任务2： 增加 swap 空间
2.1. 方法一：新建 swap 分区
步骤已在1.5列出；
2.2. 方法二：增加 swap 分区
1) 首先在空间合适处创建用于分区的 swap 文件
省略创建磁盘/dev/sdc及重启生效过程；
——查看分区情况：
[root@wang ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 535 4192965 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 536 5221 37640295 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2100 16868218+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2101 3916 14587020 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdc: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
——增加swap分区文件大小
[root@wang ~]# dd if=/dev/sdc of=/home/swapfile bs=1M count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 41.7869 seconds, 25.7 MB/s
[root@wang ~]#
if 表示 infile， of 表示 outfile， bs=1M 代表增加的模块大小， count=1024 代表 1024 个模块，也就是 1G 空间
2) 将/home/swapfile 文件设置为 swap 分区文件
[root@wang ~]# mkswap /home/swapfile
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1073737 kB
4) 启用 swap 空间
先查看swap分区：
[root@wang ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1988 1060 928 0 10 870
-/+ buffers/cache: 179 1808
Swap: 4094 0 4094
启用swap：
[root@wang ~]# swapon /home/swapfile
[root@wang ~]#
验证：
[root@wang ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1988 1061 927 0 10 870
-/+ buffers/cache: 180 1807
Swap: 5118 0 5118
[root@wang ~]#
2.3. 设置磁盘自动挂载
[root@wang ~]# vi /etc/fstab
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /data ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/home/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
~
"/etc/fstab" 10L, 760C written
[root@wang ~]#
任务3： 扩大 tmpfs
Oracle 11g 引入了 MEMORY_TARGET 参数，memory_target 和/dev/shm （即 tmpfs）有紧密联系，tmpfs 的大小制约了 memory_target 的使用范围。
1) 查看 tmpfs 大小
默认/dev/shm 为实际物理内存的 1/2，使用 df –h 命令查看
SQL> show parameter memory_target;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ----------
memory_target big integer 796M
--查看tmpfs大小：(默认是物理内存的1/2)
[root@wang ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 35G 15G 19G 46% /
/dev/sda1 99M 22M 73M 23% /boot
tmpfs 995M 0 995M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 16G 173M 15G 2% /data
[root@wang ~]#
2) 编辑/etc/fstab，增加tmpfs的大小到1.5G;
注： size 的大小必须是整数， 比如： 要加大至 1.5g， 那么， size 不能写成 1.5g， 而要写成 1500M， 因为 1.5 非整数。
[root@wang ~]# vi /etc/fstab
"/etc/fstab" 10L, 760C
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,size=1500M 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /data ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/home/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
~
"/etc/fstab" 10L, 771C written
[root@wang ~]#
3) 重新挂载(即使新设置的tmpfs大小生效)（也可以用一条命令完成： # mount -o
remount /dev/shm）
[root@wang ~]# umount /dev/shm (先卸载)
[root@wang ~]# mount tmpfs /dev/shm （再挂载）
mount: you must specify the filesystem type
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
——解决：（直接将写挂载点，省略文件系统）
[root@wang ~]# mount /dev/shm
4) 验证
[root@wang ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 35G 15G 19G 46% /
/dev/sda1 99M 22M 73M 23% /boot
/dev/sdb1 16G 173M 15G 2% /data
tmpfs 1.5G 0 1.5G 0% /dev/shm