中继者分享:在思科ASA上部署Failover实例演示-上
Part 1 - Failover简介
一. 什么是Failover
Failover特性是Cisco安全产品高可用性的一个解决方案,目的是为了提供不间断的服务,当主设备down掉的时候,备用设备能够马上接管主设备的工作,进而保持通信的连通性。
二. 部署Failover的必要条件
在部署Failover时,要求两台防火墙的以下信息完全一致:
硬件条件:设备型号、接口数量和类型、SSM模块、内存;
软件条件:运行模式(透明模式或路由模式)、系统主次版本号;
授权信息:Lincense;
三. Failover的部署方案
在部署Failover时,有两种部署方式:
第一种:Active-Standby(A/S)模式
当使用A/S模式时,两台物理防火墙中,一台(Active设备)对外提供服务,转发流量;另外一台(Standby设备)作为备份。当Active设备宕机后,Standby设备开始接管流量转发。
第二种:Active-Active(A/A)模式
当使用A/A模式时,两台防火墙可以同时工作,同时转发流量,再实现高可靠性的同时,还可以提供流量负载。
failover部署方案图示:
Part 2 - Active-Standby模式的工作原理
注:Actvie-Actvie的部署方式将在下一篇文章中给大家详细介绍!
一. 角色定义
配置层面:Primary和Secondary角色
一台防火墙被配置成Primary角色,另外一台防火墙被配置成Secondary角色;
逻辑层面:Active和Standby状态
被配置成Primary角色的设备,会被选举成为Active,从而处理流量的转发;被配置成为Secondary角色的设备,会被选举成为Standby,从而做为备份设备;
二. 管理接口
在部署Failover时,除了正常的业务接口以外,还需要定义两个特殊的接口来管理Failover的运行。
LAN-Based Failover link:该接口用来检测Failover的运行状态,并且进行配置信息的同步,使用独立的接口来充当;
Stateful Failover Link:该接口用来同步状态化信息,即Active设备会将当前流量的连接信息(例如,TCP连接)或者是一些表项同步给Standby设备,使得Standby设备在切换到Active后,能更快的进行数据转发,思科推荐使用独立接口来充当;
管理接口的图示如下:
E0/2接口为LAN-Based Failover link;
E0/3接口为Stateful Failover Link;
三. Failover的选举过程
当两台防火墙被配置成Primary或者Secondary角色后,它们会通过LAN-Based Failover link进行Active和Standby状态的选举,具体过程如下:
当两台防火墙都能正常启动时,Primary角色的设备会被选择成Active,Secondary角色的设备会被选择成Standby;
当两台防火墙只有一台能正常启动,则能正常启动的设备被选择为Active,不管它是Primary设备还是Secondary设备;
如果防火墙能正常启动,但是已检测到有Active状态的设备存在,则启动后被选择成Standby状态;
如果防火墙启动后,被选择成为Active,但是又检测到另外一台设备也是Active,则进行重新选举;
四. 邻居设备的健康状态监控
参与Failover的两台防火墙,彼此会通过LAN-Based Failover link接口和Monitired interface(默认除了管理口外的其它接口都属于Monitired interface)发送Hello报文,来检测健康状态。
健康状态的检测原则为:
如果能从LAN-Based Failover link接口周期性收到Hello报文,则邻居状态健康,不需要进行切换;
如果不能从LAN-Based Failover link接口收到Hello报文,但是可以从Monitired interface收到Hello报文,也被认为邻居状态健康,不需要进行切换;
如果既不能从LAN-Based Failover link接口收到Hello报文,也不能从Monitired interface收到Hello报文,则被认为是Fail状态,这时就需要进行切换;
五. 状态信息的同步
当Active设备出现故障时,Standby状态的设备会切换到Active状态来接管流量的转发。
为了使得切换速度更块,我们可以开启状态化同步的特性,使得Active设备在还没有出现故障之前,通过Stateful Failover Link接口,将自己的状态化表项同步给Standby,使得Standby在切换后能迅速的进行流量的转发
需要同步的信息如下表所示:
|
需要同步的信息
|
不需要同步的信息
|
| NAT table entries |
User Authentication Cut-Through Proxy
|
| ARP table entries | DHCP server address leases |
| MAC address table entries | Phone proxy information |
| UDP connections | Security Services Module activity |
| TCP connections |
|
| H.323 and SIP signaling sessions |
|
| MGCP connections |
|
| HTTP connections (if explicitly enabled) |
|
| Dynamic routing table entries* |
|
Part 3 - 实验配置
一. 实验环境
实验物理拓扑图:
设备及IP地址说明:
R1为outside设备,模拟互联网,R2为inside设备,模拟局域网。
ASA1和ASA2接口分配情况
接口
接口命名
G0/0
Inside
G0/3
Outside
G0/2
LAN-Based Failover
G0/1
Statefull Failover
VLAN规划情况
VLAN
接口
VLAN 10
E0/0、E1/0、E2/1
VLAN 11
E0/1、E1/1
VLAN 12
E0/2、E1/2
VLAN 13
E0/3、E1/3、E2/0
IP地址规划情况
设备
接口
IP地址
R1
E0/0
209.165.200.254/24
R2
E0/0192.168.1.254/24
ASA1
G0/0
192.168.1.10/24
ASA1
G0/1192.168.201.1/24
ASA1
G0/2192.168.200.1/24
ASA1
G0/3209.165.200.225/24
ASA2
G0/0192.168.1.11/24
ASA2G0/1192.168.201.2/24
ASA2G0/2192.168.200.2/24
ASA2G0/3209.165.200.226/24
二. 实验需求
部署无状态化Failover Active-Standby模式,ASA1为Active,ASA2为standby,当LAN-Based Failover link断开,观察Failover切换情况。
部署状态化Failover Active-Standby模式,ASA1为Active,ASA2为standby,当LAN-Based Failover link断开,观察Failover切换情况。以及状态化表项
三. 具体配置步骤
Step 1:在交换机上将接口划分进相应的VLAN
Switch#show vlan brief
VLAN Name Status Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Et2/2, Et2/3
10 inside active Et0/0, Et1/0, Et2/1
11 Stateful active Et0/1, Et1/1
12 FO active Et0/2, Et1/2
13 outside active Et0/3, Et1/3, Et2/0
Step 2:在ASA1上配置相关参数
2.1 配置inside和outside接口的IP地址
Hostname ASA1
interface Giga
bi
tEthernet0/0
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.1.11
interface GigabitEthernet0/3
nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.0 standby 209.165.200.226
2.2 将ASA1配置成Primary设备,同时将G0/2接口配置成LAN-Based Failover接口,并配置IP地址
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
no shutdowm
failover lan unit primary
failover lan interface FO GigabitEthernet0/2
failover interface ip FO 192.168.200.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.200.2
Failove
Step 3:在ASA2上配置相关参数
注:Secondary设备中无需配置inside接口和outside接口IP,直接从Active设备同
3.1 将ASA2配置成Secondary设备,同时将G0/2接口配置成LAN-Based Failover接口,并配置IP地址
Hostname ASA2
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
no shutdowm
failover lan unit secondary
failover lan interface FO GigabitEthernet0/2
failover interface ip FO 192.168.200.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.200.2
Failove
Step 4:查看Failover的状态,ASA1为Active,ASA2为Standby
ASA1/pri/act# show failover
Failover On
Failover unit Primary
Failover LAN Interface: FOGigabitEthernet0/2 (up)
Reconnect timeout 0:00:00
Unit Poll frequency 1 seconds, holdtime 15 seconds
Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds, holdtime 25 seconds
Interface Policy 1
Monitored Interfaces 2 of 61 maximum
MAC Address Move Notification Interval not set
Version: Ours 9.5(2)204, Mate 9.5(2)204
Last Failover at: 01:56:09 UTC Jan 10 2019
This host: Primary - Active
Active time: 3163 (sec)
slot 0: empty
Interface inside (192.168.1.10): Normal (Monitored)
Interface outside (209.165.200.225): Normal (Monitored)
Other host: Secondary - Standby Ready
Active time: 91 (sec)
Interface inside (192.168.1.11): Normal (Monitored)
Interface outside (209.165.200.226): Normal (Monitored)
Stateful Failover Logical Update Statistics
Link : Unconfigured
Step 5:通过Telnet进行测试
5.1 在R2上,对R1进行Telnet访问,并保持连接不要中断
R2#
R2#telnet 209.165.200.254
Trying 209.165.200.254 ... Open
User Access Verification
Password:
R1
5.2 在ASA1和ASA2上查看状态化表项,此时,ASA1上应该有状态化表项,而ASA2上没有状态化表项
ASA1/pri/act# show conn
7 in use, 14 most used
TCP outside 209.165.200.254:23 inside 192.168.1.254:36816, idle 0:00:04, bytes 139, flags UIO
ASA2/sec/stby# show conn
6 in use, 13 most use
Step 6:故障测试
6.1 断开交换机连接Active设备的Ethernet0/0口,观察切换情况,此时,Active设备切换成了Standby状态。
Switch(config)#interface Ethernet0/0
Switch(config)#shutdown
ASA1/pri/act#
Switching to Standby
ASA1/pri/stby)# show failover
Failover On
Failover unit Primary
Failover LAN Interface: FO GigabitEthernet0/2 (up)
Reconnect timeout 0:00:00
Unit Poll frequency 1 seconds, holdtime 15 seconds
Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds, holdtime 25 seconds
Interface Policy 1
Monitored Interfaces 2 of 61 maximum
MAC Address Move Notification Interval not set
Version: Ours 9.5(2)204, Mate 9.5(2)204
Last Failover at: 03:01:54 UTC Jan 10 2019
This host: Primary - Failed
Active time: 3936 (sec)
slot 0: empty
Interface inside (192.168.1.11): Failed (Waiting)
Interface outside (209.165.200.226): Normal (Monitored)
Other host: Secondary - Active
Active time: 45 (sec)
Interface inside (192.168.1.10): Normal (Waiting)
Interface outside (209.165.200.225): Normal (Monitored)
Stateful Failover Logical Update Statistics
Link : Unconfigured.
6.2 恢复交换机接口,由于非抢占的原因,ASA1依然为Standby状态,,可以使用Failover Active命令进行手动抢占
Switch(config)#int Ethernet0/0
Switch(config)#no shutdown
ASA1/pri/stby)# show failover
Failover On
Failover unit Primary
Failover LAN Interface: FO GigabitEthernet0/2 (up)
Reconnect timeout 0:00:00
Unit Poll frequency 1 seconds, holdtime 15 seconds
Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds, holdtime 25 seconds
Interface Policy 1
Monitored Interfaces 2 of 61 maximum
MAC Address Move Notification Interval not set
Version: Ours 9.5(2)204, Mate 9.5(2)204
Last Failover at: 03:01:54 UTC Jan 10 2019
This host: Primary - Standby Ready
Active time: 3936 (sec)
slot 0: empty
Interface inside (192.168.1.11): Normal (Monitored)
Interface outside (209.165.200.226): Normal (Monitored)
Other host: Secondary - Active
Active time: 254 (sec)
Interface inside (192.168.1.10): Normal (Monitored)
Interface outside (209.165.200.225): Normal (Monitored)
Stateful Failover Logical Update Statistics
Link : Unconfigured.
ASA1/pri/stby)# failover active
Switching to Active
Step 7:开启状态化切换
7.1 配置Stateful Failover Link链路,该配置在Active端配置即可,Standby会自动同步
ASA1/sec/act#failover link Stateful GigabitEthernet0/1
ASA1/sec/act#failover interface ip Stateful 192.168.201.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.201.2
7.2 查看状态化表项,ASA1和ASA2上均有状态化表项
ASA1/sec/act # show conn
9 in use, 14 most used
TCP outside 209.165.200.254:23 inside 192.168.1.254:13699, idle 0:00:06, bytes 146, flags UIO
ASA1/pri/stby)# show conn
9 in use, 13 most used
TCP outside 209.165.200.254:23 inside 192.168.1.254:13699, idle 0:00:01, bytes 146, flags UIO
Step 8:其他可选配置
8.1 修改Active/Standby切换时间
failover polltime unit msec 300 holdtime msec 900
failover polltime interface 1 holdtime 5
8.2 修改监控接口,设置切换策略
Monitor-interface xxx
Failover interface-policy x
Failover interface-policy xx%
武汉中继者
咨询电话:027-87128828
官方QQ:3120568779
网站
www.helperaddress.com
公司地址:武汉市武昌区丁字桥路思特大厦9楼906室