注意
本页的内容讨论了按需物化视图。有关视图的讨论,请参阅 视图 。
从4.2版本开始,MongoDB为
aggregation pipeline
添加了
$merge
阶段。此阶段可以将管道结果合并到现有集合中,而不是完全替换现有集合。此功能允许用户创建按需物化视图,每次运行管道时都可以更新输出集合的内容。
示例
假设现在接近2019年1月末,集合
bakesales
包含按项目分类的销售信息:
db.bakesales.insertMany( [ { date: new ISODate("2018-12-01"), item: "Cake - Chocolate", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("60") }, { date: new ISODate("2018-12-02"), item: "Cake - Peanut Butter", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("90") }, { date: new ISODate("2018-12-02"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 10, amount: new NumberDecimal("200") }, { date: new ISODate("2018-12-04"), item: "Cookies - Chocolate Chip", quantity: 20, amount: new NumberDecimal("80") }, { date: new ISODate("2018-12-04"), item: "Cake - Peanut Butter", quantity: 1, amount: new NumberDecimal("16") }, { date: new ISODate("2018-12-05"), item: "Pie - Key Lime", quantity: 3, amount: new NumberDecimal("60") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-25"), item: "Cake - Chocolate", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("60") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-25"), item: "Cake - Peanut Butter", quantity: 1, amount: new NumberDecimal("16") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-26"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("100") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-26"), item: "Cookies - Chocolate Chip", quantity: 12, amount: new NumberDecimal("48") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-26"), item: "Cake - Carrot", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("36") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-26"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("100") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-27"), item: "Pie - Chocolate Cream", quantity: 1, amount: new NumberDecimal("20") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-27"), item: "Cake - Peanut Butter", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("80") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-27"), item: "Tarts - Apple", quantity: 3, amount: new NumberDecimal("12") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-27"), item: "Cookies - Chocolate Chip", quantity: 12, amount: new NumberDecimal("48") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-27"), item: "Cake - Carrot", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("36") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-27"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("100") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-28"), item: "Cookies - Chocolate Chip", quantity: 20, amount: new NumberDecimal("80") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-28"), item: "Pie - Key Lime", quantity: 3, amount: new NumberDecimal("60") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-28"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("100") },] );
定义按需物化视图
下面的
updateMonthlySales
函数定义了一个
monthlybakesales
物化视图,其中包含累积的每月销售信息。在示例中,该函数采用了一个日期参数来更新从特定日期开始的每月销售信息。
updateMonthlySales = function(startDate) { db.bakesales.aggregate( [ { $match: { date: { $gte: startDate } } }, { $group: { _id: { $dateToString: { format: "%Y-%m", date: "$date" } }, sales_quantity: { $sum: "$quantity"}, sales_amount: { $sum: "$amount" } } }, { $merge: { into: "monthlybakesales", whenMatched: "replace" } } ] );};-
$match阶段过滤数据以仅处理那些销售额大于或等于 startDate -
阶段按年-月对销售信息进行分组。此阶段输出的文档具有以下形式:
{ "_id" : "", "sales_quantity" : , "sales_amount" : } -
$merge阶段将输出写入到monthlybakesales集合
执行初始运行
对于初始运行,你可以传入一个日期
new ISODate("1970-01-01"):
updateMonthlySales(new ISODate("1970-01-01"));
初始运行后,
monthlybakesales
包含以下文档;即
db.monthlybakesales.find().sort( { _id: 1 } )
返回以下内容:
{ "_id" : "2018-12", "sales_quantity" : 41, "sales_amount" : NumberDecimal("506") }{ "_id" : "2019-01", "sales_quantity" : 86, "sales_amount" : NumberDecimal("896") }
刷新物化视图
假设到了2019年2月的第一周,
bakesales
集合更新了新的销售信息;具体来说就是一月和二月新增的销售。
db.bakesales.insertMany( [ { date: new ISODate("2019-01-28"), item: "Cake - Chocolate", quantity: 3, amount: new NumberDecimal("90") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-28"), item: "Cake - Peanut Butter", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("32") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-30"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 1, amount: new NumberDecimal("20") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-30"), item: "Cookies - Chocolate Chip", quantity: 6, amount: new NumberDecimal("24") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-31"), item: "Pie - Key Lime", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("40") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-01-31"), item: "Pie - Banana Cream", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("40") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-02-01"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("100") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-02-01"), item: "Tarts - Apple", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("8") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-02-02"), item: "Cake - Chocolate", quantity: 2, amount: new NumberDecimal("60") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-02-02"), item: "Cake - Peanut Butter", quantity: 1, amount: new NumberDecimal("16") }, { date: new ISODate("2019-02-03"), item: "Cake - Red Velvet", quantity: 5, amount: new NumberDecimal("100") }] )为 了刷新1月和2月的monthlybakesales数据,需要再次运行该函数以重新运行聚合管道,日期参数值从new ISODate("2019-01-01")开始。
updateMonthlySales(new ISODate("2019-01-01"));monthlybakesales的内容已更新,并能反映出bakesales集合中的最新数据;即db.monthlybakesales.find().sort( { _id: 1 } )返回以下内容:
{ "_id" : "2018-12", "sales_quantity" : 41, "sales_amount" : NumberDecimal("506") }{ "_id" : "2019-01", "sales_quantity" : 102, "sales_amount" : NumberDecimal("1142") }{ "_id" : "2019-02", "sales_quantity" : 15, "sales_amount" : NumberDecimal("284") }
附加信息
$merge
阶段:
-
可以输出到相同或不同数据库中的集合。
-
如果输出集合不存在,则会创建一个新集合。
-
可以将结果(插入新文档、合并文档、替换文档、保留现有文档、操作失败、使用自定义更新管道处理文档)合并到现有集合中。
-
可以输出到分片的集合中。输入集合也可以是分片集合。
参考
$merge:
-
有关
$merge和可用选项的更多信息 -
示例: 按需物化视图:初始创建
-
示例: 按需物化视图:更新/替换数据
-
示例: 仅插入新数据
译者:李正洋
DBA一枚,擅长oracle/mongodb//tidb等多种数据库。